Ingredient Stability and Heat Sensitivity

Regarding your questions about ingredients other than Alpha Arbutin that require temperature control or could break down into hydroquinone, and the effect of heat on Vitamin B3, NAG, and Tranexamic Acid:

• Hydroquinone Breakdown: As mentioned, Alpha Arbutin is a key ingredient to be mindful of regarding potential breakdown into hydroquinone, particularly at high pH levels (above 8) and temperatures above 30°C. This is due to its structural similarity to hydroquinone. Generally, other common cosmetic ingredients do not break down into hydroquinone unless they share a similar fundamental structure.
• Heat Sensitivity: While ingredients like Vitamin B3 (Niacinamide), NAG (N-Acetyl Glucosamine), and Tranexamic Acid can tolerate some heat for dissolution, prolonged or excessive heat should be avoided. Heat accelerates the degradation process for all substances, reducing their effectiveness. It is always best to use the lowest effective temperature for the shortest possible time when dissolving heat-sensitive ingredients.
• General Handling: For optimal stability and efficacy, it is crucial to follow the recommended mixing temperature, pH range, and storage conditions specified for each individual ingredient. For example, Tranexamic Acid is often recommended to be stored in the refrigerator.

Always refer to the specific product details for precise guidance on handling and formulation conditions.