Adenosine and Melatonin Formulation Questions

1. Dissolving Pure Adenosine at 1%

Based on the product information, Pure-Adenosine™ has limited water solubility, dissolving at a maximum of 0.5% in water. To achieve a 1% concentration, which is above its water solubility limit, you would need to use a suitable solvent or a combination of solvents that can solubilize or effectively disperse Adenosine at this higher concentration. The description mentions that Pure-Adenosine™ can be dispersed in cream or gel bases and is soluble in some oils and glycols, such as ethoxydiglycol and 1,3-Propanediol. Therefore, incorporating it into a formulation containing these solvents or a cream/gel system designed for dispersion would be necessary to handle a 1% concentration.

2. Equivalent Concentration of Other Adenosine Forms

You asked about the equivalent concentration of Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Liposome compared to 1% Pure-Adenosine™.

• Pure-Adenosine™: This is a highly pure form of Adenosine, recommended for use at 0.1-1.0% (with 0.5-1.0% being recommended).
• Adenosine Triphosphate: This is a different chemical form (Adenosine 5'-Triphosphate Disodium Salt). While it provides the benefits associated with Adenosine, it is a larger molecule. To achieve a similar effect or deliver a comparable amount of the active Adenosine component, a higher percentage of Adenosine Triphosphate is typically required compared to pure Adenosine. The recommended usage rate for Adenosine Triphosphate is 1-5% (with 3% being recommended). This higher recommended percentage reflects the need for a greater amount of the salt form to deliver an equivalent level of the active Adenosine molecule found in Pure-Adenosine™. Based on the recommendations, using around 3% Adenosine Triphosphate might provide a comparable effect to using 1% Pure-Adenosine™, though this is an estimation based on typical usage ranges.
• Adenosine Liposome: While the description for Adenosine Triphosphate mentions a liquid "Adenosine Liposome" form suitable for a different pH range, specific usage rates for a distinct "Adenosine Liposome" product were not available in the provided product descriptions. Therefore, I cannot provide a specific percentage to use for this form to equate to 1% Pure-Adenosine™.

3. Difference between Pure Melatonin and Melatonin Forte and Usage Rates

The difference in maximum usage rates between Pure-Melatonin™ (up to 3%) and Melatonin Forte™ (up to 1%) is primarily due to their composition and the concentration of active Melatonin within each product.

• Pure-Melatonin™: This is the pure form of Melatonin powder, with a usage rate of 0.1-3%. It has limited water solubility but is soluble in some oils and glycols.
• Melatonin Forte™: This is a water-soluble preparation containing Melatonin at a concentration of at least 10%, carried in a solubilizer (PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil). The maximum recommended usage rate is 1%.

The reason Melatonin Forte™ has a lower maximum usage rate (1%) compared to Pure-Melatonin™ (3%) is because Melatonin Forte™ is not 100% active Melatonin; it is a preparation containing at least 10% Melatonin. Therefore, using 1% of Melatonin Forte™ delivers at least 0.1% of active Melatonin into the formula (1% of >10%). This falls within the usage range of Pure-Melatonin™ (0.1-3%). The lower maximum usage rate for Melatonin Forte™ is appropriate for its concentration of active Melatonin and the properties of its carrier system, while still allowing it to be used effectively within the typical range for Melatonin benefits. Your observation that Forte is water-soluble while pure is not is correct, and this difference in solubility is due to the formulation of Melatonin Forte™ with a solubilizing agent.

4. Stabilizing Melatonin

Both Pure-Melatonin™ and Melatonin Forte™ product descriptions highlight that Melatonin is sensitive to air and will deteriorate with continuous exposure. The most important recommendation for stabilizing Melatonin in a finished product is appropriate packaging that protects the formula from air. Examples given include using vacuum tubes and avoiding packaging like jars where the product is constantly exposed to the atmosphere. Additionally, proper storage conditions are crucial, including keeping the product refrigerated (5-10°C) and avoiding exposure to sunlight and heat, with the lid tightly sealed. The descriptions focus on these physical methods of protection rather than recommending specific ingredients to add to the formulation for chemical stabilization.