β-Propiolactone is primarily used as a sterilizing agent for biological tissues, vaccines, and medical instruments due to its strong alkylating properties, which effectively inactivate viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It is particularly valued in the pharmaceutical industry for sterilizing blood plasma and other biological products without leaving harmful residues, as it hydrolyzes into non-toxic compounds. Additionally, it is employed in the synthesis of various chemicals, including acrylic acid and its derivatives, which are essential in the production of polymers, adhesives, and coatings. Its ability to act as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis further extends its utility in industrial applications. However, its use requires careful handling due to its carcinogenic and irritant properties.