Used in specialized catalytic processes, particularly in organic synthesis and petroleum refining due to its strong acidic properties. Acts as a catalyst in alkylation and isomerization reactions. Also explored in the production of advanced ceramic materials and high-temperature resistant coatings. Shows potential in nuclear reactor control applications because hafnium has a high neutron absorption capacity, and the sulfate form can be a precursor in manufacturing hafnium-based compounds for such uses. Additionally employed in research settings for developing new luminescent materials and solid acid catalysts.