Widely used in water and wastewater treatment as a coagulant to remove suspended solids, phosphates, and other contaminants. It promotes the aggregation of fine particles, making them easier to filter or settle out. Commonly applied in municipal sewage treatment plants and industrial effluent systems. Employed in the production of printed circuit boards (PCBs) for etching copper due to its ability to oxidize and dissolve metal layers selectively. Provides precise control in creating circuit patterns. Used in chemical synthesis as a catalyst or reagent, particularly in organic reactions such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. Also utilized in the pharmaceutical and dye industries for intermediate production. Applied in the leather tanning industry to treat hides and improve durability. Helps in the stabilization and cross-linking of collagen fibers. Used in medical applications as a hemostatic agent to control bleeding in certain surgical procedures, especially in dentistry and dermatology, by promoting rapid clot formation.