Used as a precursor in the production of polymers, especially biodegradable plastics like polybutylene succinate (PBS), which are alternatives to conventional plastics. Plays a role in the synthesis of resins, plasticizers, and dyes.

Employed in the food and beverage industry as an acidulant to impart tartness and regulate pH. Utilized in pharmaceutical formulations to adjust acidity and as an intermediate in the manufacture of active ingredients, including pain relievers, anti-inflammatories, and CNS stimulants.

Finds use in agriculture as a component in plant growth stimulants and in the development of agrochemicals. Also applied in electroplating baths to improve metal deposition efficiency.

Additionally, used in cosmetics for skin exfoliation, acne treatment, and as an antioxidant. Employed in wastewater treatment to support microbial growth for the degradation of organic matter.