Nickel is widely used in the production of stainless steel, where it enhances corrosion resistance and improves toughness at high and low temperatures. It is a key component in alloys for aerospace, automotive, and energy industries, including jet engines and gas turbines, due to its ability to withstand extreme heat and stress. In batteries, especially rechargeable types like nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), nickel plays a critical role in energy storage for portable electronics and hybrid vehicles. It is also used in electroplating to provide a durable, shiny, and protective surface on metals. Nickel catalysts are employed in chemical manufacturing and petroleum refining, such as in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce margarine. Additionally, it is used in construction materials, coinage, and medical devices like surgical implants because of its biocompatibility and durability.