Used in catalysts for organic synthesis and petroleum refining due to its strong Lewis acidity and thermal stability. Employed in solid oxide fuel cells as a dopant in electrolyte materials to enhance ionic conductivity at high temperatures. Incorporated into specialized glasses and ceramics to improve refractive index, resistance to thermal shock, and infrared absorption for heat-resistant applications. Utilized in neutron-absorbing control rods in nuclear reactors because of its high neutron capture cross-section. Key component in the production of samarium-cobalt (SmCo) permanent magnets, providing high magnetic strength and temperature stability for electric motors, generators, and high-performance electronics. Also found in other magnetic materials and electronic components where thermal and chemical stability are required.