Used as a catalyst in organic synthesis and in the petroleum industry for cracking hydrocarbons. Employed in the production of doped semiconductors and ceramic materials due to its stability at high temperatures. Applied in solid oxide fuel cells as an electrolyte component for improved ionic conductivity. Utilized in the glass and coating industry to absorb infrared radiation and provide UV protection. Also found in magnets for high-performance applications, especially in environments requiring resistance to demagnetization at elevated temperatures. Additionally, used in nuclear research and control rods for its neutron absorption properties.