Used in industrial catalysts, particularly in sulfuric acid production and oxidation reactions. Employed in electroplating and metal surface treatment to improve corrosion resistance. Applied in research for studying vanadium metabolism and its effects on biological systems, including inhibition of phosphatases for intracellular signaling studies. Also utilized in the manufacture of specialty glasses and ceramics for enhancing thermal and chemical durability. Shows potential in battery technologies, especially in vanadium-based redox flow batteries for energy storage and sodium-ion batteries as cathode materials.