Used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid through the contact process, where it facilitates the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide.

Also employed in the manufacture of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride via selective oxidation of hydrocarbons.

Serves as a component in redox flow batteries, particularly vanadium redox flow batteries, for large-scale energy storage due to its multiple oxidation states.

Applied in the steel industry as an additive to improve strength and heat resistance of alloys.

Utilized in the production of ceramics and glass to impart color and enhance durability.

Investigated for use in electrochromic devices and smart windows because of its ability to change optical properties with applied voltage.

Additionally, applied in gas sensors for detecting various gases and in thermochromic coatings that change color with temperature.