Used as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid through the contact process, where it facilitates the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. Also employed in the manufacture of maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride via selective oxidation of hydrocarbons. Serves as a component in redox flow batteries, particularly vanadium redox batteries, for large-scale energy storage due to its stable multiple oxidation states. Applied in the steel industry as an additive to improve strength and resistance to corrosion and fatigue. Utilized in the production of ferrovanadium alloy, enhancing the mechanical properties of steel. Found in some types of ceramics and glass to impart color and improve thermal stability. Investigated for use in electrochromic devices and smart windows because of its ability to change optical properties with applied voltage.