Used as an abrasive in grinding and polishing due to its hardness, especially in sandpapers and cutting tools. Commonly employed as a catalyst support in chemical reactions because of its high surface area and thermal stability. Serves as a refractory material in linings of furnaces and kilns owing to its ability to withstand high temperatures. Applied in coatings to protect against wear and corrosion in industrial equipment. Utilized in the production of aluminum metal through the electrolytic process. Found in dental implants and medical devices as a biocompatible ceramic material. Also used in electronics as a dielectric layer in integrated circuits and as a substrate for semiconductor devices.