Used as an abrasive in grinding and polishing due to its hardness, especially in sandpapers and cutting tools. Commonly employed as a catalyst support in chemical reactions because of its high surface area and thermal stability. Serves as a refractory material in linings of furnaces and kilns, withstanding high temperatures. Applied in protective coatings and thin films for wear and corrosion resistance. Utilized in dental implants and medical prosthetics due to biocompatibility and durability. Found in electronic substrates and insulating components in microchips and circuit boards. Also used in chromatography as a stationary phase for separating polar compounds. Employed as an additive in lubricating oils and coolants to enhance wear resistance. Serves as a base material for synthetic gemstones such as sapphires and rubies by doping with impurities to achieve various colors.