Ethambutol is primarily used as an antituberculosis medication. It is effective in treating tuberculosis (TB) by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, thereby stopping the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is often used in combination with other TB drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide to enhance its efficacy and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains. Ethambutol is particularly valuable in the initial phase of TB treatment to rapidly reduce the bacterial load. It is also used in cases of multidrug-resistant TB when first-line drugs are ineffective. Due to its ability to penetrate tissues effectively, it is useful in treating TB infections in various parts of the body, including the lungs, brain, and kidneys. Regular monitoring of vision is essential during treatment, as ethambutol can cause optic neuritis, a potential side effect affecting eyesight.