Used in thermoelectric devices due to its ability to convert heat into electricity efficiently. Commonly applied in solid-state cooling systems and power generation for low-temperature heat recovery. Also investigated for use in thin-film solar cells because of its favorable optical absorption properties. Serves as a semiconductor material in optoelectronic applications. Explored in phase-change memory devices owing to its reversible structural transitions. Used in research for next-generation battery technologies, particularly in anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.