Used in molecular biology and biochemistry workflows to facilitate the specific binding of target molecules to a solid support, such as in affinity purification, DNA-protein interactions, or immunoassays. Optimized to maintain the stability and activity of biomolecules while promoting high-affinity interactions between ligands and their binding partners. Commonly used in pull-down assays, chromatography, and nucleic acid isolation procedures. pH and ionic strength are carefully balanced to minimize non-specific binding and enhance selectivity.