Used as a flux in metallurgical processes to lower the melting point of metal ores and facilitate slag formation. Acts as a boron source in the production of borosilicate glasses and ceramics, enhancing thermal shock resistance and mechanical strength. Employed in wood preservatives and fire retardants due to its ability to improve flame resistance in cellulose-based materials. Also utilized in specialty coatings and enamels for corrosion protection and surface durability.