Used to maintain a stable pH environment in biochemical and analytical applications. Commonly applied in enzyme reactions, protein purification, and chromatography where pH control is critical. Ideal for sample preparation in molecular biology, including DNA and RNA analysis. Frequently used in spectrophotometric assays and calibration of pH meters due to its reliable buffering capacity in the pH range of 3.6 to 5.6. Also employed in pharmaceutical formulations and quality control testing.