Citrate buffer is widely used in molecular biology and biochemistry for maintaining stable pH conditions in various experimental procedures. It is particularly effective in antigen retrieval techniques for immunohistochemistry, where it helps unmask epitopes in tissue samples, enhancing antibody binding. In electrophoresis, citrate buffer is employed to stabilize pH during the separation of nucleic acids and proteins. It is also utilized in enzyme assays to ensure optimal enzymatic activity by maintaining a consistent pH environment. Additionally, citrate buffer plays a role in pharmaceutical formulations, where it acts as a buffering agent to control the pH of injectable drugs and oral medications, improving their stability and efficacy. Its biocompatibility and buffering capacity make it a valuable component in diagnostic kits and medical devices.