Used in thermoelectric devices due to its ability to convert heat into electricity efficiently. Commonly applied in solid-state cooling systems and power generation for low-temperature heat recovery. Also explored in thin-film solar cells as a semiconductor material because of its favorable optical absorption properties, particularly in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. Investigated for use in phase-change memory devices, infrared detectors, and sodium-ion batteries owing to its unique electronic and structural characteristics, offering potential for high-performance, low-cost electronics.