Acetylcholinesterase plays a critical role in the nervous system by breaking down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting signals in nerve synapses. This enzyme is essential for proper muscle function and cognitive processes. In medicine, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are used to treat conditions like Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis, as they help increase acetylcholine levels, improving communication between nerve cells. In agriculture, certain pesticides target acetylcholinesterase in insects, disrupting their nervous systems and effectively controlling pest populations. Additionally, research into acetylcholinesterase activity aids in the development of antidotes for nerve agent poisoning, as these agents often inhibit the enzyme, leading to severe neurological effects.