Used as a catalyst in hydrodesulfurization processes to remove sulfur from crude oil and natural gas, improving fuel quality and reducing sulfur dioxide emissions. Also employed in the production of pigments for ceramics and glass, providing deep blue to black colors. Applied in lithium-ion battery materials, particularly as an anode component to enhance capacity and cycling performance. Utilized in electroplating for wear-resistant and corrosion-protective coatings. Investigated for use in semiconductor devices, solar cells, and gas sensors due to its electronic properties and sensitivity.