Widely used in electronic and optoelectronic applications due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Commonly applied as a transparent conductive layer in organic solar cells, OLEDs, and touch screens. Serves as a hole transport layer in perovskite and organic photovoltaics to improve device efficiency. Used in antistatic coatings for photographic films, display devices, and electronic components. Employed in biosensors and neural interfaces because of its biocompatibility and ability to conduct both ions and electrons. Also found in supercapacitors and electrochromic devices due to its reversible redox behavior and stability.