Widely used in organic electronics due to its high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Commonly applied as a transparent conductive layer in touch screens, OLED displays, and solar cells. Serves as a hole injection layer in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to improve device efficiency and lifetime. Used in antistatic coatings for photographic films, electronic displays, and packaging materials. Employed in biosensors and electrochemical devices because of its biocompatibility and stable electrochemical performance. Also found in printed circuit boards, capacitors, and flexible electronics due to its solution processability and mechanical flexibility.