Ferredoxin-NADP Reductase (FNR) from Spinacia oleracea (spinach) plays a critical role in photosynthesis. It is an enzyme that facilitates the transfer of electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+, converting it into NADPH. This NADPH is essential for the Calvin cycle, where it provides the reducing power needed to convert carbon dioxide into glucose, a fundamental process for plant growth and energy storage.

In biotechnology, FNR is utilized in research to study electron transfer mechanisms and photosynthetic pathways. It is also explored for potential applications in biofuel production, where it can enhance the efficiency of electron transfer systems in engineered organisms. Additionally, FNR is used in synthetic biology to develop artificial photosynthesis systems, aiming to create sustainable energy solutions by mimicking natural processes. Its role in redox reactions makes it a valuable tool in enzymatic assays and biochemical studies focused on understanding and manipulating metabolic pathways.