Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are widely used in immunological research to study the body's immune response. They are commonly applied as endotoxins to stimulate immune cells, such as macrophages, in laboratory experiments. This helps researchers understand inflammation, sepsis, and other immune-related conditions. LPS is also utilized in vaccine development to enhance the immune response to antigens. Additionally, it plays a role in studying gut microbiota and its impact on health, as LPS is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In the pharmaceutical industry, LPS is used to test the pyrogenicity of medical devices and drugs, ensuring they are free from harmful bacterial contaminants.