Talabostat mesylate is primarily investigated for its potential in cancer therapy. It functions as a dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitor, which can enhance the immune response against tumors. This compound has been studied in clinical trials for its ability to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccines and immunotherapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, it has shown promise in treating certain types of leukemia and solid tumors, particularly when used in combination with other therapeutic agents. Its role in promoting anti-tumor immunity makes it a candidate for further research in oncology.