Used as a polyelectrolyte in water treatment processes to facilitate coagulation and flocculation, helping remove suspended particles and impurities. Commonly employed in membrane technologies, such as fuel cells, due to its proton-conducting properties, especially when combined with other polymers like polyimide or Nafion. Serves as a dispersing agent in dye formulations and cement admixtures to improve stability and flow. Applied in the production of conductive films and coatings for electronic devices, leveraging its ionic conductivity. Also utilized in biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems and biosensors, where its biocompatibility and functional groups support molecular binding and controlled release.