Used as a polyelectrolyte in water treatment processes to remove suspended solids and clarify water through coagulation and flocculation.

Commonly employed in membrane technologies, especially in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), due to its proton-conducting properties, serving as an efficient ionic conductor for rapid proton transfer and often combined with other polymers in ion-exchange membranes.

Serves as a dispersant for pigments and dyes in ink formulations, improving stability and color consistency, and in the coating and paint industry for excellent particle dispersion to prevent aggregation.

Applied in the production of conductive coatings when combined with conductive polymers like PEDOT for use in electronic devices such as capacitors, sensors, and antistatic layers.

Utilized in personal care products, particularly hair conditioners, where it binds to negatively charged hair to reduce static electricity and enhance smoothness.

Acts as an adhesion aid in active ingredient delivery systems for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, prolonging contact with skin or mucous membranes.

Also employed in biomedical applications, including drug delivery systems and biosensors, owing to its biocompatibility and ionic functionality.

In research and laboratory settings, used as a precursor for synthesizing nanomaterials or as a controller for the size and shape of synthesized nanoparticles.