Used in bioconjugation to modify proteins, peptides, and nanoparticles for improved stability and solubility in biological systems. Applied in drug delivery systems to enhance the circulation time and reduce immunogenicity of therapeutic agents. Commonly utilized in surface functionalization of gold nanoparticles for biosensing and imaging applications. Plays a role in creating biocompatible coatings for medical devices to prevent unwanted interactions with biological tissues. Also employed in the development of hydrogels and biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.