Used in fiber optics to improve refractive index of glass, enabling efficient transmission of light in telecommunications.

Commonly employed as a catalyst in polymerization reactions, especially in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics and resins.

Added to glass formulations for high-refractive-index lenses in cameras, microscopes, and other optical instruments.

Utilized in semiconductor manufacturing as a precursor for depositing germanium-containing thin films in electronic devices.

Investigated for use in certain infrared optical systems due to its transparency in the infrared spectrum.