Philanthotoxin 74 dihydrochloride is primarily used in neuroscience research as a potent and selective antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors, particularly those of the AMPA and kainate subtypes. Its application is crucial in studying the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors in the central nervous system. Researchers utilize it to investigate synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and stroke. Additionally, it serves as a valuable tool in electrophysiological experiments to block specific receptor channels, aiding in the understanding of their function and the development of therapeutic agents targeting glutamate-related disorders.