Used as a hole-transporting material in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), enabling efficient emission by balancing charge injection. Also applied in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) as a donor material or interfacial layer due to its favorable energy levels and film-forming properties. Exhibits good thermal stability and amorphous nature, making it suitable for thin-film device fabrication. Additionally, explored in perovskite solar cells as a dopant-free hole-transport layer to improve device stability and performance.