Used in laboratories to detect and quantify substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones in biological samples. Commonly applied in medical diagnostics to identify diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and COVID-19 by detecting specific antigens or antibodies. Also used in research settings for studying immune responses, measuring cytokine levels, and validating protein expression. Widely utilized in food safety testing to detect allergens or pathogens such as Salmonella and E. coli. Provides a sensitive, reliable, and high-throughput method for analysis in both clinical and industrial applications.