Used in laboratories to detect and quantify substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones in biological samples. Commonly applied in medical diagnostics to identify diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and COVID-19 by detecting specific antigens or antibodies. Also used in research settings to measure cytokine levels, hormone concentrations, and other biomarkers. Widely utilized in food industry testing for allergens and in quality control of pharmaceuticals. Offers high sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to process many samples at once, making it a standard tool in clinical and research labs.