Used in laboratories to detect and quantify substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones in biological samples. Commonly applied in medical diagnostics to identify diseases like HIV, hepatitis, and COVID-19 by detecting specific antigens or antibodies. Also used in research settings to study immune responses and protein expression. Widely utilized in food safety testing to identify allergens or pathogens such as Salmonella or E. coli. Provides a sensitive and high-throughput method for analyzing multiple samples quickly.