Used for detecting and quantifying substances such as peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones in biological samples. Commonly applied in medical diagnostics, research laboratories, and pharmaceutical development to study immune responses, infectious diseases, and biomarkers. Enables high-throughput screening with high sensitivity and specificity. Widely used in studying conditions like HIV, hepatitis, and autoimmune diseases. Suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analysis in serum, plasma, cell culture supernatants, and other sample types.