Used as a highly efficient Lewis acid catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in coupling reactions, esterifications, and protection/deprotection of functional groups under mild conditions. Exhibits strong catalytic activity in water-tolerant reactions, making it suitable for green chemistry applications. Commonly employed in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and polymers due to its stability and reusability. Also utilized in electrochemical processes and as a dopant in luminescent materials for optoelectronic devices.