Used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment due to its ability to generate reactive oxygen species under light irradiation. Also applied in dye-sensitized solar cells to enhance light absorption and electron transfer efficiency. Serves as a catalyst in organic oxidation reactions, leveraging its stable porphyrin structure and metal coordination environment. Employed in sensing platforms for detecting metal ions and small molecules based on changes in optical signals. Investigated for use in artificial photosynthetic systems to mimic natural light-harvesting processes.