Used as a catalyst in petroleum refining processes, particularly in hydrodesulfurization to remove sulfur from crude oil fractions. Plays a key role in the production of molybdenum metal and alloys, which are essential for enhancing the strength and corrosion resistance of steel and superalloys used in aerospace and industrial applications. Employed in ceramics and pigments for its thermal stability and color properties. Also utilized in flame retardants and smoke suppressants in plastics and cable coatings due to its ability to reduce flammability without releasing toxic fumes.