Used extensively in biomedical research for cell sorting and immunoassays due to their ability to bind antibodies and proteins. Commonly employed in flow cytometry to calibrate instruments and detect biomarkers. Serve as carriers for drug delivery systems, enhancing targeted therapy. Utilized in diagnostic kits for detecting pathogens or diseases through antigen-antibody interactions. Applied in material science as model particles to study colloidal behavior and surface modifications. Also used in bioimaging and as standards in particle size analysis.