Used in advanced biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery and photothermal therapy due to its strong interaction with light and ability to accumulate in tumor tissues. Widely applied in rapid diagnostic tests, including lateral flow assays for infectious diseases, where it provides a clear visual signal upon binding to specific biomarkers. Serves as a key component in biosensors for detecting glucose, pathogens, and environmental toxins with high sensitivity. Employed in research and development of conductive inks for flexible electronics and printed circuits. Also utilized in cosmetics for its purported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in skincare formulations. Its high surface area and biocompatibility make it suitable for enhancing imaging contrast in microscopy and medical diagnostics.