Xanthine oxidase plays a crucial role in the metabolism of purines, converting hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. This enzyme is a target in the treatment of gout, a condition caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints. Inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, such as allopurinol and febuxostat, are commonly prescribed to reduce uric acid production, alleviating symptoms and preventing complications. Additionally, xanthine oxidase is studied in the context of oxidative stress-related diseases, as it generates reactive oxygen species during its catalytic activity. Research is ongoing to explore its involvement in conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic inflammation.