Used as an electron donor material in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) due to its strong electron-donating properties and stable radical cation formation. Commonly employed in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a component of hole-transporting materials, enhancing device efficiency and stability. Also utilized in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for improving charge injection and transport in emissive layers. Its derivatives serve as key intermediates in synthesizing photoactive compounds for optoelectronic applications. Shows potential in electrochromic devices owing to reversible redox behavior and color change upon oxidation.