BI 409306 is primarily investigated for its potential therapeutic applications in treating cognitive impairments associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. It is being studied for its efficacy in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, where cognitive dysfunction is a significant symptom. The compound acts as a phosphodiesterase 9A (PDE9A) inhibitor, which is believed to enhance cognitive function by increasing levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the brain, thereby improving neuronal signaling and synaptic plasticity. Clinical trials are ongoing to evaluate its safety, tolerability, and effectiveness in improving cognitive performance in patients with these disorders.