Used as a photocatalyst in environmental purification, especially for degrading organic pollutants in water under UV or visible light. Exhibits strong activity in breaking down dyes, pesticides, and industrial waste. Also applied in self-cleaning coatings due to its ability to decompose dirt and bacteria on surfaces. Shows promise in solar energy conversion systems and as a functional filler in antimicrobial materials. Its thermal stability makes it suitable for high-temperature applications in protective coatings and ceramics.