Used as a redox mediator in electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to its stable electroactive properties. Facilitates electron transfer in enzymatic reactions, particularly in glucose and lactate detection systems. Also applied in photodynamic therapy research as a photosensitizer generating reactive oxygen species under light exposure. Employed in organic synthesis as an oxidation catalyst and in dye-sensitized solar cells for improved electron transport. Shows potential in antimicrobial coatings owing to its cationic structure and light-activated biocidal activity.