Pitolisant hydrochloride is primarily used in the treatment of narcolepsy, a chronic sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of muscle weakness (cataplexy). It works by enhancing histamine release in the brain, promoting wakefulness without the stimulating effects commonly associated with traditional stimulants. This makes it a valuable option for patients who may not tolerate other medications well. Additionally, it has shown promise in managing symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep-related disorders where excessive sleepiness is a concern. Its unique mechanism of action offers an alternative for improving alertness and quality of life in affected individuals.