D-Erythronolactone is primarily used in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and organic compounds. It serves as a key intermediate in the production of vitamin C and other ascorbic acid derivatives, which are essential for their antioxidant properties and role in collagen synthesis. Additionally, it is utilized in the development of chiral molecules, which are crucial in the manufacture of enantiomerically pure drugs. Its application extends to the field of biochemistry, where it is employed in research related to metabolic pathways and enzyme studies. The compound also finds use in the preparation of specialty chemicals and fine chemicals, contributing to advancements in material science and industrial chemistry.